Plant-based diets are at higher risk of predisposing individuals to certain micronutrient deficiencies (reduced protein intake), and lower serum creatine and sex testosterone levels, though supplementation may effectively replace the lacking components. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. The use (distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted), provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.
Thousands of plant species are cultivated for their beauty and to provide shade, modify temperatures, reduce wind, abate noise, provide privacy, and reduce soil erosion. Terrestrial plants also form type III kerogen — a source of natural gas. The fossil fuels coal — petroleum and natural gas are derived from the remains of aquatic organisms including phytoplankton in geological time.
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The potential benefits (efficacy), and purported safety profile when consuming CBD prior to, during, and after training or competition should be explored. In this regard — in sports, it is hypothesized that CBD-related inhibitions in oxidative stress and neuroinflammation could have some therapeutic potential in sports research (Gamelin et al., 2020). The subsequent event is called the inflammatory cascade, recognized by the activation of macrophages and other phagocytic cells during the first 2–6 h after injury and prolonged for days , Armstrong et al., 1991; Burstein, 2015,. During exercise, mainly those actions with a high component of eccentric contraction are potentially and particularly damaging to the sarcolemma.
Plant-derived supplements interact with the intestinal microbiota to regulate immune and metabolic pathways critical for exercise performance. The interplay between plant-based supplements and the intestinal microbiota has emerged as a critical frontier in sports nutrition research, yet it remains underexplored in existing literature. For instance, while certain plant-derived compounds have shown promise in managing conditions like inflammation and oxidative stress, excessive intake may counteract their benefits and induce side effects (61). When considering the application of plant-based additives, it is essential to establish appropriate dosage guidelines and identify suitable populations for their use. For example, the consumption of certain plant extracts has been linked to gastrointestinal discomfort in sensitive individuals (64).
Plant-based supplements, rich in phytochemicals (e.g., polyphenols, polysaccharides, and fiber), act as key “prebiotics” or “metabolic modulators” of the gut microbiota, creating a bidirectional relationship that influences both supplement efficacy and microbial community structure. The classification of these additives is crucial for understanding their applications and potential effects on human health, particularly in the context of sports nutrition , 12, 13,. The use of supplements offers potential strategies to improve exercise performance and recovery through their biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic modulation properties (5, 6). The present review identified no discernible effects of protein ingestion timing, type, dosage , ranged 5–104 g,, or days of supplementation on EIMD (supplementary fig. 1). The literature search yielded 586 articles, of which 38 potentially met the inclusion criteria based on abstract screening , Fig. 1,.
The literature on the exercise recovery benefits of cherry juice includes studies with a range of different exercise modes (using different types of cherry juice), with different dosing regimens and different indices of recovery. 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 In these studies, it was estimated that participants were taking the equivalent of approximately 180 cherries per day. A regimen of two 30 ml servings a day has been employed in exercise recovery studies using a Montmorency cherry juice concentrate.
